References
1) VanFrank B, Malarcher A, Cornelius ME, Schecter A, Jamal A, Tynan M. Adult Smoking Cessation — United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024;73:633–641.
2) Vahratian A, Briones EM, Jamal A, Marynak KL. Electronic cigarette use among adults in the United States, 2019–2023. NCHS Data Brief, no 524. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2025. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/ 10.15620/cdc/174583 – (6.5% adults 18 and over used e-cigarettes in 2023) US adult 18+ population 2023: 262,083,034) federal register.gov
3) Am J Prev Med. 2022 October ; 63(4): 478–485. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2022.04.032.
4) World Health Organization. (2024, May). Tobacco. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco
5) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, September 17). Cigarette Smoking. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/about/index.html
6) Rigotti, N. A., Pipe, A. L., Benowitz, N. L., et al. (2023). Cytisinicline for smoking cessation: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 330(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.11645
7) Rigotti, N. A., Pipe, A. L., Benowitz, N. L., et al. (2025). Cytisinicline for smoking cessation: The ORCA phase 3 replication randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 185(6), 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.0628
8) Tutka P, Vinnikov D, Courtney RJ, Benowitz NL. Cytisine for nicotine addiction treatment: a review of pharmacology, therapeutics and an update of clinical trial evidence for smoking cessation. Addiction.2019;114(11):1951-1969. doi:10.1111/add.14721
9) Perry D, Dávila-García M, Stockmeier C, Kellar K. Increased nicotinic receptors in brains from smokers: Membrane binding and autoradiography studies. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 1999;289:1545– 1552
10) Coe, Jotham W., Paige R. Brooks, Michael C. Wirtz, Crystal G. Bashore, Krista E. Bianco, Michael G. Vetelino, Eric P. Arnold et al. “3, 5-Bicyclic aryl piperidines: A novel class of α4β2 neuronal nicotinic receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation.” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 15, no. 22 (2005): 4889-4897
11) Radchenko, E. V., Dravolina, O. A., & Bespalov, A. Y. (2015). Agonist and antagonist effects of cytisine in vivo. Neuropharmacology, 95, 206-214.
12) Picciotto M, Zoli M, Rimondin R, et al. Acetycholine receptors containing the beta2 subunit are involved in the reinforcing properties of nicotine. Nature 1998;391:173–177.
13) Rigotti, N. A., Benowitz, N. L., Prochaska, J. J., Cain, D. F., Ball, J., Clarke, A., … & Jacobs, C. (2024). Cytisinicline for vaping cessation in adults using nicotine e-cigarettes: the ORCA-V1 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 184(8), 922-930.